When a system does not meet performance requirements, the root cause could be one of the following:
- Some kernels of the graph cannot keep pace with the input/output sample rate, leading to a global performance degradation.
- The throughput at the AI Engine array interface does not meet
the performance requirements for the following reasons:
- Maximum theoretical throughput is not sufficient.
- Real throughput obtained is drastically lower than expected.
The Versal Adaptive SoC AI Engine Architecture Manual (AM009) lists the maximum achievable bandwidth of the various interfaces.
For the PLIOs, it depends on the frequency, bitwidth, and efficiency of the PL kernels. For the GMIOs, it depends on the processor, the DDR memory access pattern, and also on the traffic on the various NoC lanes.
A lower interface throughput does not always mean that the PL or DDR throughput is too low. It might be the graph itself that cannot keep pace of the sample rate, transmitting backpressure to the data source.
The number of DDR interfaces of the device can be: two in the VC1352, and four in the VC1802 and VC1902. The number of DDR chips on the board (DDR4, LPDDR4, ...) can be less than the maximum supported by the device. Furthermore, the platform that is built upon the device mounted on a board may support fewer memories than the number that is actually mounted on the board. All these parameters have a direct impact on the maximum throughput achievable by the system you want to implement.
Each DDR interface has four ports which are connected through switches to the four independent lanes of the Horizontal NoC and also to the Vertical NoC just above. The Processor System has also two (APU + RPU) connections on each HNoC lane. The VNoC has only two lanes going up the device, so the traffic coming from the four incoming lanes are combined to go over the two lanes. Each lane has two streams, one in each direction, and each stream has a maximum throughput of 14 GB/s.
On the VCK 190, there are four DDR ports which are connected to the HNoC and to the four VNocs above. Among these four ports, only three are declared in the base platform provided by , thus limiting the available bandwidth to the AI Engine. There are 16 NMUs/NSUs on the VC1902, each one is capable of 16 GB/s of throughput in each direction. We know that the top HNoC is fed by the four VNoCs, leading to a maximum of 8x14GB/s which is much less than the theoretical 16x16 GB/s potential throughput using the 16 NMUs/NSUs.
You may be interested in the input or output throughput, or the overall throughput. The interface may be the PLIO or the GMIO to access the programmable logic or the DDR or the processing system. In the figure above you can see that multiple DDR interfaces are connected to an Horizontal Network on Chip (HNoC), which is connected to the PS and multiple Vertical NoCs. On the top an HNoC is connected to the different VNoCs on one side and to the AI Engine Array on the other side.
- Timers
- Events
- Profiling
- Event trace
- NoC profiling (GMIO only)