Flushing Pipelines and Pipeline Types - 2023.1 English

Flushing Pipelines

Pipelines continue to execute as long as data is available at the input of the pipeline. If there is no data available to process, the pipeline will stall. This is shown in the following figure, where the Input Data Valid signal goes low to indicate there is no more valid input data. Once the signal goes high, indicating there is new data available to process, the pipeline will continue operation.

Figure 1. Loop Pipelining with Stall

In some cases, it is desirable to have a pipeline that can be “emptied” or “flushed.” The flush option is provided to perform this. When a pipeline is “flushed” the pipeline stops reading new inputs when none are available (as determined by a data valid signal at the start of the pipeline) but continues processing, shutting down each successive pipeline stage, until the final input has been processed through to the output of the pipeline.

As described below, Vitis HLS will automatically select the right pipeline style to use for a given pipelined loop or function. However, you can override this default behavior by using the config_compile -pipeline_style command to specify the default pipeline style.

You can also specify the pipeline style for functions or loops with the PIPELINE pragma or directive. This option applies to the specific scope of the pragma or directive and does not change the global default assigned by config_compile.

Both stp and flp types of pipelines use the standard pipeline logic where the hardware pipeline created use various kinds of blocking signals to stall the pipeline. These blocking signals often become the driver of a high-fanout net, especially on pipelines that are deep in the number of physical stages and work on significant data sizes. Such high fanout nets, when they are created, are the prime cause of timing closure issues which cannot be fixed in RTL/Logic Synthesis or during Place-and-Route. To solve this issue, a new type of pipeline implementation called free-running pipeline (or frp) was created. The free-running pipeline is the most efficient architecture for handling a pipeline that operates with blocking signals. This is because

• It completely eliminates the blocking signal connections to the register enables
• It is a fully flushable pipeline, which allows bubbling invalid transactions
• Unlike the previous architectures which distribute fanouts (across flops), this reduces the fanouts
• It does not rely on the synthesis and/or place and route optimizations such as flop cloning
• This helps PnR by creating a structure where the wire length is reduced along with the reduction of the high fanouts

But there is a cost associated with this fanout reduction:

• the size of the FIFO buffers required for the blocking output ports causes additional resource usage.
• the mux delay at those blocking output ports
• the potential performance hit due to early validation of forward-pressure triggers

Pipeline Types

The three types of pipelines available in the tool are summarized in the following table. Vitis HLS will automatically select the right pipeline style to use for a given pipelined loop or function. If the pipeline is used with hls::tasks, the flushing pipeline (FLP) style is automatically selected to avoid deadlocks. If the pipeline control requires high fanout, and meets other free-running requirements, the tool will select the free-running pipeline (FRP) style to limit the high fanout. Finally, if neither of the above cases apply, then the standard pipeline (STP) style is selected.